Development indicators
Our proposal consists of a conceptual model based on the study of the prestigious international business school IESE (Barcelona-ESpain) of a large number of success cases and a series of exhaustive interviews that have been carried out with urban leaders, businessmen, academics. and experts linked to the development of cities.
This model proposes a set of steps that cover the diagnosis of the situation, the development of a strategy and its subsequent implementation. The first step to make a good diagnosis consists of analyzing the situation of the key dimensions, which we present below, along with the indicators used in the calculation of the ICIM.
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HUMAN CAPITAL
The main objective of every city should be to improve its human capital. A city with smart governance has to be able to attract and retain talent, create plans to improve education and promote both creativity and research.
SOCIAL COHESION
Over the past few decades, the rapid process of urbanization has led to the segregation of social groups with little or no social mixing. This pattern of urbanization has a negative impact on urban areas and has led to the social fragmentation of cities.
ECONOMY
This dimension includes all those aspects that promote the economic development of a territory: local economic, transition and strategic industrial promotion plans; cluster generation; innovation and entrepreneurial initiatives.
GOVERNANCE
"Governance" is the term commonly used to designate the effectiveness, quality and good orientation of State intervention. Given that the citizen is the meeting point to solve all the challenges that cities face, factors such as the level of citizen participation and the capacity of the authorities to involve business leaders and local agents, as well as the application, must be taken into account. of electronic government plans. Likewise, this dimension includes all those actions aimed at improving the efficiency of the Administration, which include the design of new organizational and management models. In this section, great opportunities open up for private initiative, which can provide greater efficiency.
ENVIROMENT
Sustainable development of a city can be defined as "development that meets the needs of the present without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"1. In this sense, factors such as improving environmental sustainability through anti-pollution plans, support for green buildings and alternative energies, efficient water and waste management and the existence of policies that help counteract the effects of climate change are essential to guarantee the sustainability of cities over time.
MOBILITY AND TRANSPORTATION
The cities of the future have to face two major challenges in the field of mobility and transportation: facilitating movement (often in large territories) and access to public services. Mobility and transportation—both in terms of road and route infrastructure, vehicle fleets, public transportation, and air transportation—affect the quality of life of a city's inhabitants and can be vital for sustainability. of this over time. However, perhaps the most important aspect are the externalities that are generated in the production system, whether due to the need to relocate the workforce or the need to exit production.
URBAN PLANIFICATION
Urban planning of cities has always been considered a driver of development and poverty reduction. Today, it constitutes a collective exercise that must involve all actors, such as citizens, civil society organizations, the public and private sectors, multilateral organizations and the academic field. In turn, urban planning is closely related to sustainability. To improve the livability of any territory, it is necessary to take into account local master plans and the design of green areas and spaces for public use, in addition to betting on intelligent growth. New urban planning methods must focus on creating compact cities, with good connections and accessible public services.
INTERNATIONAL PROJECTION
Cities that want to progress must achieve a privileged place in the world. In this sense, maintaining global projection involves improving its brand and international recognition through strategic tourism plans, attracting foreign investment and representation abroad. Cities can enjoy a greater or lesser international projection, even if they belong to the same country, but it is not independent of the degree of national openness. This dimension aims to reflect these differences and measure the international projection of cities.
TECNOLOGY
Although they are not the only important aspect for cities, information and communication technologies (ICT) are part of the backbone of any society that aims to achieve “smart” status.